FAQ

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 interrelated global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015. They aim to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges to achieve a more sustainable future for all.

The SDGs were adopted in 2015 by all 193 United Nations member states as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They officially came into effect on January 1, 2016, and are intended to be achieved by the year 2030.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are:

• No Poverty

• Zero Hunger

• Good Health and Well-being

• Quality Education

• Gender Equality

• Clean Water and Sanitation

• Affordable and Clean Energy

• Decent Work and Economic Growth

• Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

• Reduced Inequalities

• Sustainable Cities and Communities

• Responsible Consumption and Production

• Climate Action

• Life Below Water

• Life on Land

• Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

• Partnerships for the Goals

The responsibility for implementing the SDGs lies primarily with national governments. However, the goals require the participation and collaboration of various stakeholders, including local governments, businesses, civil society, and individual citizens.

The United Nations has developed a set of 232 indicators to track progress towards the SDGs. Countries are expected to collect and report data on these indicators, which is then compiled and analyzed by the UN Statistical Commission.

Some of the key challenges in achieving the SDGs include financing, data availability and quality, policy coordination, and ensuring no one is left behind. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach and sustained commitment from all parties involved.

Individuals can contribute to the SDGs in various ways, such as making sustainable lifestyle choices, supporting local initiatives, volunteering, advocating for policy changes, and raising awareness within their communities.

The SDGs and the Paris Agreement are closely linked, as many of the SDGs, such as those related to climate action, renewable energy, and sustainable cities, are directly relevant to addressing climate change.

The SDGs are more comprehensive, universal, and interdependent compared to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which were focused primarily on developing countries. The SDGs also have a greater emphasis on environmental sustainability and partnerships.

The private sector plays a crucial role in achieving the SDGs through investments, innovation, job creation, and the development of sustainable business practices. Many companies are aligning their strategies and operations with the SDGs.

Net zero refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gases produced and the amount removed from the atmosphere. It’s reached when the amount added is no more than the amount taken away.

While often used interchangeably, net zero typically refers to all greenhouse gases, while carbon neutral focuses specifically on carbon dioxide emissions.

Achieving net zero is crucial for limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change.

Many countries and organizations are aiming to achieve net zero by 2050, in line with scientific recommendations to limit global warming.

Businesses can reach net zero by reducing their emissions through energy efficiency, renewable energy use, and sustainable practices, then offsetting any remaining emissions.

Carbon offsets are reductions in greenhouse gas emissions made to compensate for emissions produced elsewhere. They often involve projects like reforestation or renewable energy development.

Technology plays a crucial role through innovations in renewable energy, energy storage, carbon capture and storage, and energy efficiency.

Individuals may need to make lifestyle changes, such as using more public transport, reducing meat consumption, or improving home energy efficiency.

Challenges include the high costs of transitioning to clean energy, technological limitations, policy and regulatory barriers, and changing consumer behaviours.

Progress is typically measured through greenhouse gas inventories, which track emissions and removals across different sectors of the economy.

A net-zero commitment is a pledge made by a country, company, or organization to achieve net-zero emissions by a specific date.

Agriculture can contribute through sustainable farming practices, reducing methane emissions from livestock, and implementing carbon sequestration techniques in soil management.

Finance is essential because it provides the necessary capital to fund sustainable projects, technologies, and initiatives that contribute to achieving the SDGs and net-zero goals.

Sustainable finance refers to any form of financial service that integrates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria into business or investment decisions for the lasting benefit of clients and society at large.

The UN estimates that achieving the SDGs will require annual investments of $5-7 trillion globally, with a financing gap of about $2.5 trillion per year in developing countries.

Green finance refers to financial instruments and services specifically designed to support environmentally friendly projects and initiatives, such as renewable energy or sustainable infrastructure.

Banks can support these goals by offering green loans, issuing green bonds, developing sustainable investment products, and integrating ESG criteria into their lending and investment decisions.

Green bonds are fixed-income financial instruments used to fund projects that have positive environmental and/or climate benefits.

Institutional investors can allocate capital to sustainable investments, engage with companies on ESG issues, and develop investment strategies aligned with SDGs and net-zero goals.

Impact investing involves making investments with the intention to generate positive, measurable social and environmental impact alongside a financial return.

Carbon pricing is a financial mechanism that puts a cost on carbon emissions, incentivizing businesses to reduce their emissions and invest in cleaner technologies.

Public finance plays a crucial role through government spending, subsidies, taxes, and public-private partnerships that support sustainable development and climate action.

Fintech can improve financial inclusion, enable more efficient allocation of capital to sustainable projects, and provide innovative solutions for measuring and reporting on sustainability impact.

Climate finance refers to local, national, or transnational financing drawn from public, private, and alternative sources of financing that supports mitigation and adaptation actions addressing climate change.

ESG criteria help investors and companies assess their impact and risks related to environmental, social, and governance factors, which are closely aligned with the SDGs and net-zero objectives.

Blended finance is the use of catalytic capital from public or philanthropic sources to increase private sector investment in sustainable development and climate action.

Financial institutions can manage climate-related risks by integrating climate considerations into their risk management processes, conducting scenario analyses, and disclosing climate-related financial risks as recommended by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.

IPCC reports provide policymakers with regular scientific assessments on climate change, its implications and potential future risks, as well as adaptation and mitigation options.

A smoother transition pathway refers to a more gradual and manageable approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, as opposed to abrupt or disruptive changes.

A smoother transition can help minimize economic disruptions, allow for better planning and implementation of policies, and potentially increase public acceptance of climate action measures.

Recent IPCC reports emphasize the urgency of action, the need for rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure systems, and the importance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

The IPCC typically presents multiple scenarios with varying levels of emission reductions, timeframes, and associated impacts to illustrate possible future pathways.

Technology plays a crucial role in enabling smoother transitions through innovations in renewable energy, energy efficiency, carbon capture and storage, and other areas that can help reduce emissions while maintaining economic growth.

IPCC reports often include assessments of the economic costs and benefits associated with different mitigation and adaptation strategies, considering both short-term investments and long-term impacts.

Challenges include policy coordination, technological limitations, financial constraints, and the need to address social equity issues in the transition process.

IPCC reports often discuss the concept of a carbon budget, which refers to the estimated amount of carbon dioxide the world can emit while still having a chance to limit global temperature rise to a certain level.

Stranded assets are investments that may lose their value prematurely due to changes associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy, such as fossil fuel reserves that may become uneconomical to extract.

IPCC reports typically address both mitigation (reducing emissions) and adaptation (adjusting to climate impacts) strategies, recognizing that both are crucial for managing climate change.

The 1.5 °C target, highlighted in the Paris Agreement and IPCC reports, represents a threshold beyond which climate impacts are expected to become significantly more severe and potentially irreversible.

IPCC reports often consider issues of climate justice and equity, recognizing that climate change impacts and the capacity to respond vary significantly across different regions and socioeconomic groups.

The IPCC publishes comprehensive Assessment Reports approximately every 5-7 years, with additional Special Reports on specific topics published in between.

The food-water-energy nexus refers to the interconnectedness of food, water, and energy systems, where the production, distribution, and consumption of one resource affects the others. For example, food production requires water and energy, while energy production requires water, and water treatment requires energy.

Geopolitical tensions can disrupt the supply chains of food, water, and energy, leading to scarcity, price volatility, and social unrest. For instance, trade wars, sanctions, and conflicts can limit access to these resources, exacerbating existing shortages and creating new ones.

Insecurity in the food-water-energy nexus can have far-reaching consequences, including food and water shortages, energy crises, economic instability, and social unrest. This can lead to decreased global prosperity, as economies and societies become increasingly vulnerable to shocks and stresses.

Peacekeeping efforts can help address food-water-energy nexus security by promoting dialogue, cooperation, and conflict resolution among nations. This can involve facilitating trade agreements, investing in infrastructure, and providing humanitarian assistance to regions affected by conflict or natural disasters.

International organizations like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Energy Agency play a crucial role in promoting food-water-energy nexus security. They provide a platform for global cooperation, set standards and guidelines, and offer technical assistance and funding to support sustainable development and conflict resolution.

Sustainable agriculture practices, such as precision agriculture, agroforestry, and conservation agriculture, can help reduce the environmental impact of food production, conserve water, and promote energy efficiency. This can lead to increased food security, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved water quality.

Energy security is closely linked to food-water security, as energy is required for food production, processing, and distribution, as well as for water treatment and pumping. Insecure energy supplies can disrupt food and water systems, leading to shortages and price volatility.

Water conservation practices, such as efficient irrigation systems and water-saving technologies, can help reduce the amount of water required for food production, energy generation, and other uses. This can lead to increased water security, reduced energy consumption, and improved food security.

Climate change can have devastating impacts on food-water-energy nexus security, including more frequent and severe droughts, floods, and heat waves. These events can disrupt food production, water availability, and energy generation, leading to increased insecurity and vulnerability.

Global cooperation and governance are essential for addressing food-water-energy nexus security challenges. This can involve developing and implementing international agreements, standards, and guidelines, as well as promoting cooperation among nations, international organizations, and stakeholders to ensure sustainable development and conflict resolution.

The private sector plays a vital role in achieving food-water-energy nexus security as it is a key driver of innovation, investment, and job creation. Businesses can develop and implement sustainable solutions, invest in research and development, and provide goods and services that support nexus security.

Businesses can contribute to food security by investing in sustainable agriculture practices, reducing food waste, and improving supply chain efficiency. They can also develop and promote climate-resilient agricultural technologies, support smallholder farmers, and provide access to markets and finance.

The private sector can play a crucial role in achieving water security by investing in water conservation technologies, improving water efficiency, and providing innovative solutions for water treatment and reuse. Businesses can also support water stewardship initiatives and promote water-saving practices throughout their supply chains.

Businesses can support energy security and transition to net zero by investing in renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and developing low-carbon technologies. They can also promote sustainable energy practices throughout their supply chains, support energy access initiatives, and advocate for climate policies.

Private sector engagement in the food-water-energy nexus can bring numerous benefits, including increased investment, innovation, and job creation. It can also lead to improved resource efficiency, reduced waste, and enhanced resilience to climate change and other shocks.

Businesses can measure and report their impact on the food-water-energy nexus by using standardized metrics and frameworks, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). They can also conduct regular assessments and audits to identify areas for improvement and track progress over time.

Businesses may face several challenges in achieving food-water-energy nexus security, including regulatory barriers, lack of access to finance, and limited consumer awareness. They may also encounter challenges in measuring and reporting their impact, as well as integrating nexus thinking into their operations and supply chains.

Governments and international organizations can support private sector engagement in the food-water-energy nexus by providing incentives, such as tax breaks and subsidies, and creating enabling policies and regulations. They can also offer technical assistance, capacity building, and access to finance to support businesses in achieving nexus security.

Innovation and technology can play a crucial role in achieving food-water-energy nexus security by providing new solutions, improving efficiency, and reducing waste. Examples include precision agriculture, water recycling technologies, and renewable energy systems.

Businesses can collaborate with each other and with other stakeholders, such as governments, NGOs, and academia, to achieve food-water-energy nexus security. This can involve forming partnerships, sharing best practices, and co-developing solutions to address nexus challenges.

Achieving net zero and food-water-energy nexus security presents numerous opportunities for businesses, including access to new markets, reduced costs, and improved brand reputation. It can also lead to increased competitiveness, improved resilience, and enhanced long-term sustainability.

Businesses can engage with consumers and communities to promote food-water-energy nexus security by raising awareness, providing education and training, and involving them in decision-making processes. They can also develop products and services that meet the needs of consumers and communities, while promoting sustainable practices and behaviours.

India’s approach to energy security focuses on diversifying energy sources, increasing domestic production, improving energy efficiency, and enhancing international energy cooperation.

India is diversifying by:

1. • Increasing renewable energy capacity (solar, wind, hydro)

   • Expanding nuclear power generation

   • Exploring unconventional hydrocarbons like shale gas

   • Investing in cleaner coal technologies

Key initiatives include:

75. 1. National Solar Mission

    2. National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy

    3. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP)

    4. Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Policy

    5. National Mission on use of biomass for thermal power plants (SAMARTH)

    6. National Biofuel Policy 2018 and state versions of this policy

    7. International Solar Alliance

    8. Global Biofuel Alliance

    9. National Green Hydrogen Mission

India has implemented several programs, including:

75. 1. Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme

    2. Standards and Labelling Program for appliances

    3. Energy Conservation Building Code

India allows 100% FDI under the automatic route in the renewable energy sector. For other energy subsectors, FDI limits vary:

75. 1. Up to 49% in power exchanges (under automatic route)

    2. Up to 100% in power generation, transmission, and distribution (except atomic energy)

FDI up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in many activities, including exploration, infrastructure, and marketing. However, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in petroleum refining are subject to disinvestment limits.

Incentives include:

75. 1. Tax holidays for power generation projects

    2. Accelerated depreciation for renewable energy projects

    3. Waiver of inter-state transmission charges for renewable energy

    4. Viability Gap Funding for solar projects

The government provides support through:

75. 1. Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs) for states

    2. Green Energy Corridors for transmission infrastructure

    3. Solar Parks scheme

    4. Subsidies for rooftop solar installations

Key policies include:

75. 1. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) for rural electrification

    2. Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (Saubhagya) for household electrification

    3. Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) scheme for LED distribution

The government is supporting EVs through:

75. 1. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme

    2. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)

    3. tax incentives for EV manufacturers and buyers

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The government is taking steps such as:

75. 1. Commercial coal mining reforms

    2. Coal Allocation System for transparent block allocation

    3. Initiatives to improve coal quality and reduce imports

    4. Promoting clean coal technologies

Waste-to-energy (WtE) refers to the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. It’s a form of energy recovery that converts waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel.

The main technologies include:

75. 1. Incineration (most common)

    2. Gasification

    3. Pyrolysis

    4. Anaerobic digestion (for organic waste)

    5. Landfill gas recovery

As of 2024, some of the leading countries in WtE implementation include:

75. 1. Japan

    2. European countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Germany

    3. China

    4. United States

As of the latest global data, approximately 11% of municipal solid waste is treated through WtE facilities worldwide. However, this percentage varies significantly between countries.

Key benefits include:

75. 1. Reduction of waste sent to landfills

    2. Lower methane emissions compared to landfilling

    3. Generation of renewable energy

    4. Reduction of fossil fuel dependence

    5. Recovery of metals from ash for recycling

Yes, some concerns include:

75. 1. Emissions of pollutants (though modern facilities have advanced pollution control)

    2. Potential disincentive for waste reduction and recycling

    3. High initial investment costs

    4. Ash Disposal

WtE generally produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to landfilling, especially when considering long-term methane emissions from landfills. However, the exact comparison depends on factors like waste composition and facility efficiency.

The global WtE market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by increasing urbanization, growing energy demand, and stricter waste management regulations. Emerging economies, particularly in Asia, are expected to see the fastest growth.

A: WtE can play a complementary role in the circular economy by:

1. 1. Recovering energy from non-recyclable waste

   2. Reducing landfill use

   3. Recovering metals and other materials from ash However, it’s generally considered less preferable than waste prevention, reuse, and recycling.

Waste composition significantly impacts WtE efficiency:

75. 1. Higher proportions of organic waste increase methane production in anaerobic digestion

    2. Plastics have high calorific value, improving incineration efficiency

    3. Moisture content affects the energy required for incineration

    4. The presence of hazardous materials can complicate the process and increase emissions

Key policies include:

75. 1. Landfill diversion targets

    2. Renewable energy incentives

    3. Carbon pricing mechanisms

    4. Waste management hierarchies prioritizing energy recovery over landfilling

    5. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes

Recent developments include:

75. 1. Improved emissions control technologies

    2. Enhanced efficiency in energy recovery

    3. Integration with material recovery facilities

    4. Development of small-scale and modular WtE plants

    5. Advancements in gasification and pyrolysis technologies

Major challenges include:

75. 1. High initial capital costs

    2. Public opposition (NIMBY syndrome)

    3. Competing with cheaper waste disposal options in some regions

    4. Ensuring consistent waste supply

    5. Balancing WtE with recycling and waste reduction efforts

    6. Addressing concerns about air pollution and toxic emissions

WtE can contribute to climate change mitigation by:

a. Reducing methane emissions from landfills

b. Providing a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels

c. Complementing intermittent renewable energy sources However, its role is debated, with some arguing for a greater focus on waste reduction and recycling.

AI can contribute to the SDGs in various ways, including:

Enhancing data collection and analysis for better decision-making

Optimizing resource allocation and use

Improving prediction and early warning systems

Automating and streamlining processes to increase efficiency

Personalizing education and healthcare

Accelerating scientific research and innovation

Certainly! Here are some examples:

SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): AI for precision agriculture and crop yield prediction

SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): AI for disease diagnosis and drug discovery

SDG 4 (Quality Education): AI-powered personalized learning platforms

SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy): AI for smart grid management and energy efficiency

SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities): AI for traffic management and urban planning

SDG 13 (Climate Action): AI for climate modelling and carbon footprint reduction

SDG 14 (Life Below Water): AI for marine ecosystem monitoring and protection

Key challenges include:

Ensuring ethical AI development and use

Addressing potential job displacement

Overcoming the “digital divide” and ensuring equitable access to AI technologies

Managing data privacy and security concerns

Dealing with potential biases in AI systems

Balancing short-term implementation with long-term sustainability

Responsible AI use for SDGs involves:

Developing clear ethical guidelines and governance frameworks

Promoting transparency and explainability in AI systems

Engaging in multi-stakeholder collaborations

Investing in AI education and capacity building in developing countries

Regular monitoring and evaluation of AI impacts

Ensuring human oversight and intervention capabilities

While AI has potential benefits for all SDGs, it could have negative impacts if not managed properly. For example:

SDG 8 (Decent Work): AI automation could lead to job losses if not balanced with new job creation and skills training

SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities): AI could exacerbate inequalities if access is not equitable

SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions): AI could be misused for surveillance or social control

AI is being used to:

Analyze satellite imagery to track environmental changes

Process large datasets to measure indicators across multiple SDGs

Generate real-time insights from social media and other digital sources

Improve the accuracy and timeliness of SDG reporting

Identify correlations and patterns across different SDGs

AI can contribute to climate action by:

Improving climate modelling and predictions

Optimizing renewable energy systems

Enhancing energy efficiency in buildings and industries

Monitoring deforestation and biodiversity loss

Supporting the development of climate-resilient agriculture

Facilitating carbon footprint tracking and reduction

AI can support sustainable urban development through:

Smart traffic management systems

Predictive maintenance of infrastructure

Optimized waste management and recycling

Improved urban planning and zoning

Enhanced disaster preparedness and response

Smart energy and water management systems

AI can significantly impact healthcare (primarily SDG 3) by:

Enhancing disease diagnosis and prediction

Accelerating drug discovery and development

Personalizing treatment plans

Improving health resource allocation

Supporting remote healthcare delivery

Analyzing public health trends and epidemics

AI can enhance education through:

Personalized learning platforms

Automated grading and feedback systems

Intelligent tutoring systems

Predictive analytics for student performance

Language translation for educational materials

Adaptive testing and assessment

Several initiatives are promoting AI for SDGs, including:

The UN’s “AI for Good” Global Summit

The XPRIZE Foundation’s AI competitions

The World Economic Forum’s “AI for the Earth” program

UNESCO’s work on the ethics of AI

Various public-private partnerships and research collaborations

Developing countries can leverage AI by:

Investing in digital infrastructure and connectivity

Developing AI strategies aligned with national development plans

Fostering partnerships with AI leaders and organizations

Prioritizing AI education and skills development

Adapting and localizing AI solutions to specific contexts

Participating in global AI for SDG initiatives

Effective use of AI for SDGs requires:

Large, high-quality, and diverse datasets

Standardized data collection and sharing protocols

Robust data governance frameworks

Enhanced data literacy and analytical capabilities

Addressing data privacy and security concerns

Collaborative data sharing among countries and organizations

The United Nations (UN) recognizes that achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 requires the active participation and collaboration of all sectors of society, including private companies. Here are the key reasons why the UN needs private-sector involvement:

a) Resource Mobilization

Private companies have significant financial resources and can invest in SDG-related projects.

They can complement public sector funding, which is often insufficient to meet the scale of the SDGs.

b) Innovation and Technology

Companies are often at the forefront of technological innovation, which is crucial for addressing complex sustainability challenges. They can develop and scale up new solutions more rapidly than public sector entities.

c) Expertise and Efficiency

Private companies bring specialized knowledge and operational efficiency to SDG implementation. They can offer management skills, technical expertise, and best practices from various industries.

d) Market-Based Solutions

Companies can create sustainable business models that address social and environmental issues while generating profit. This approach can lead to more scalable and long-lasting solutions compared to purely philanthropic efforts.

e) Global Reach and Supply Chains

Many companies operate across multiple countries and can implement SDG-related initiatives on a global scale. They can influence and improve sustainability practices throughout their supply chains.

f) Job Creation and Economic Growth

Private sector involvement can generate employment opportunities aligned with the SDGs.

This contributes to economic growth, which is essential for achieving many of the goals.

g) Behavioural Change

Companies can influence consumer behaviour through their products, services, and marketing.

They can promote sustainable lifestyles and responsible consumption patterns.

h) Partnerships and Collaboration

Private companies can form partnerships with governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to tackle complex challenges. These collaborations can lead to more comprehensive and effective solutions.

i) Data and Monitoring

Companies can contribute to data collection and reporting on SDG progress. They can develop and implement metrics for measuring sustainability impact.

j) Policy Influence

The private sector can advocate for policy changes that support sustainable development. They can provide valuable input on the practical implications of sustainability policies.

k) Localization of SDGs

Companies operating in specific regions can help tailor SDG implementation to local contexts and needs. They often have a deep understanding of local challenges and opportunities.

l) Long-term Sustainability

By integrating SDGs into their core business strategies, companies can ensure long-term commitment to sustainable development. This can lead to more sustained and consistent progress towards the goals.

m) Complementary Skills and Resources

Private companies possess skills and resources that complement those of the public sector and civil society. This diverse set of capabilities is essential for addressing the multi-faceted challenges of the SDGs.

n) Rapid Response and Adaptability

Companies can often respond more quickly to changing circumstances and emerging challenges than large bureaucratic structures. This adaptability is crucial in the face of rapidly evolving global issues. The UN recognizes that while private sector involvement is crucial, it must be guided by ethical principles and aligned with the broader goals of sustainable development. Therefore, the UN promotes frameworks like the UN Global Compact to ensure that private sector contributions to the SDGs are responsible, transparent, and truly beneficial to society and the environment. By leveraging the strengths of the private sector alongside those of governments, civil society, and other stakeholders, the UN aims to create a more comprehensive and effective approach to implementing the SDGs and achieving a more sustainable future for all.